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Borobudur temple
Borobudur Temple is a Mahayana Buddhist temple located near the city of Muntilan on the island of Java in Indonesia. Built during the Syailendra Dynasty (around 650-1025 AD), Borobudur is still the largest Buddhist temple in the world. Buddhists in Java perform pilgrimages and other rituals at Borobudur Temple. UNESCO designated Borobudur as a World Heritage Site in 1991, which was previously restored in the 1970s and 1980s under the supervision of President Soeharto (ruled 1967-1998) and UNESCO; This iconic temple continues to play an important role in shaping Indonesia's aesthetics, architecture and cultural identity. Borobudur Temple is the most visited place by tourists in Indonesia.
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Borobudur Temple is located about 40 km (25 miles) to the northwest of Yogyakarya and about 86 km (53 miles) to the west of the city of Surakarta in Central Java. This temple is located in an area between two volcanoes – Mount Sindoro-Sumbing and Mount Merapi-Merbabu – also between two rivers – Progo and Elo. Borobudur Temple is very close to two other Buddhist temples in the Kedu Plain: Pawon Temple and Mendut Temple. Scholars and archaeologists suspect that there must be some kind of connection between these temples; because all three are in a straight line. However, the meaning of this is still being debated by scholars. What is known is that ancient Javanese and medieval Javanese, whether Hindu or Buddhist, associated the Kedu Plain with abundant agricultural production, and it was then considered one of the most sacred places on the island of Java. Ancient people considered these two rivers to bring good luck because they were reminiscent of the sacred Ganges and Yamuna rivers in present-day India. And unsurprisingly, thanks to this favorable terrain, the Hindu temple of Gunung Wukir, which dates to around 732 AD, is located just 10 km (6 miles) to the west of Borobudur Temple, also on the Kedu Plain.
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The name "Borobudur" is the name of a place in Javanese. An inscription dated 842 AD mentions Bhumisambharabhudara or “Mountain of Ten Levels of Bodhisattva Virtue”. It is possible that the name "Borobudur" is related to "Bharabhudara".
Construction of Borobudur Temple. The possibility is that the Hindu Sanjaya dynasty initially started building a Shiva temple where Borobudur is now located around 775 AD and they were unable to complete it because they were driven out by the Syailendra dynasty.
Borobudur Temple is a monumental and impressive ancient Buddhist building
The design of Borobudur Temple is a mixture of Javanese and Gupta dynasty architecture, reflecting the unification of indigenous and Indian aesthetics in ancient Java. More than 500 Buddha statues are placed around Borobudur Temple, and Borobudur Temple has around 3,000 relief statues. These carvings are unique because they contain Buddhist teachings, life and personal wisdom. If added up in total, Borobudur Temple can claim to have the largest number of Buddha carvings in one site in the world.
The main temple structure at Borobudur is built on three levels with a full pyramid-shaped base with five square terraces, a conical shaft with three circular platforms, and on the higher level, a large, monumental stupa. Fine reliefs form part of the temple walls and cover an area of approximately 2,520 m2 (27,125 square feet). 72 stupas each with a Buddha statue inside are found around the round platform of Borobudur Temple. This allocation and depiction of space conforms to the Buddhist conception of the universe. In Buddhist cosmology, the universe is divided into three worlds called arupadhatu, Rupadhatu, and Kamadhatu. Arupadhatu is represented by three stages and a large stupa, Rupadhatu is represented by five terraces and Kamadhatu is represented by the base of the temple.
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